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[PDF] The Sixth Extinction Summary - Elizabeth Kolbert
All Access to by elizabeth kolbert the sixth extinction an unnatural history 1st first edition hardcover PDF or Read by elizabeth kolbert the sixth extinction an unnatural history 1st first. Nov 15, - [Download] e_Book The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History () EPUB PDF #Mobi By Elizabeth Kolbert Download The 6th Extinction An Unnatural History book written by Elizabeth Kolbert, available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, or read full book online anywhere and anytime. Compatible with any devices. Summary and Analysis of The Sixth Extinction An Unnatural History Author: Worth Books Feb 11, · The Sixth Extinction. Download full The Sixth Extinction Book or read online anytime anywhere, Available in PDF, ePub and Kindle. Click Get Books and find your favorite books in the online library. Create free account to access unlimited books, fast download and ads free! We cannot guarantee that The Sixth Extinction book is in the library
The sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download
Enter your email to access the best PDF summary of "The Sixth Extinction" by Elizabeth Kolbert. Download PDF summary of "The Sixth Extinction" by Elizabeth Kolbert. Below is a preview of the Shortform book summary of The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert. Read the full comprehensive summary at Shortform. In The Sixth Extinctionjournalist Elizbeth Kolbert argues that by drastically changing the shape of the earth and the composition of the atmosphere, humans have set in motion a sixth mass extinction that may one day be our undoing.
The book revisits five previous mass extinction events spanning five hundred million years and compares them to the rapid, widespread extinctions underway today of a range of species including frogs, corals, birds, and rhinos. These extinctions are a consequence of human-created the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download warming and ocean acidification, the destruction and fragmentation of forests, and our spread of invasive species around the world.
At our current emissions rate, it will exceed five hundred parts per million byboosting temperatures, which will melt what remains of the glaciers and the Arctic ice cap and flood islands and coastal cities, such as New York and Washington, D. Plant and animal species adjust to both short- seasonal and long-term temperature changes by migrating. During the multiple warming-cooling cycles of the ice ages, there were mass migrations—even insects moved thousands of miles.
Scientists project that the temperature change in the next century will be comparable in magnitude to the temperature fluctuations of the ice ages. Many species are already responding to climate change by adjusting their ranges. The average genus a group of closely related species is moving eight feet higher per year. One species is even moving a hundred feet a year.
Species need to migrate for survival. However, our transformation of the earth by fragmenting forests dividing them by highways, cities, mining operations, cropland, and other human development makes it difficult, if not impossible. Big animals like elephants, bears, and rhinos are threatened by both habitat loss and poaching. For example, humans have killed so many rhinos and destroyed so much of their habitat that all five species of rhinos are at risk. In the past, there was a fairly even exchange of gases: the ocean absorbed gases from the atmosphere and also released dissolved gases back into the atmosphere.
At this point, however, more CO2 is entering the oceans than they can release, resulting in acidification. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water and forms carbonic acid. The pH is on track to fall to 7. Among the biggest victims are calcifiers—animals and plants that construct shells or external skeletons. They include starfish, sea urchins, mollusks clams and oystersthe sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download, barnacles, and many coral species the ones that build reefs.
Many kinds of seaweed, some algae, and some plants also are calcifiers. To build shells and skeletons, they combine calcium ions and carbonate ions to create calcium carbonate. But to do so, they have to change the chemistry of the seawater. Acidification makes this more difficult, in part by decreasing the number of available carbonate ions. In addition, water with too much acid dissolves or eats holes in their shells.
In the past, the range of many species was limited by geographic barriers such as oceans, rivers, and mountains, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download. Today, however, species are being dispersed widely by humans, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download, with disastrous consequences.
As a result, in some regions, non-native invasive plants have exceeded native species, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download.
Our constant reshuffling of species is unraveling millions of years of geographic separation. In the worst-case scenario, the new species thrives, reproduces, and becomes established, decimating local species through predation or by spreading new diseases. In North America, for instance, bat populations have fallen victims to the dispersal of a European fungus, for which they have no defense. The foreign fungus causes a disease called white-nose syndrome, named after the white powder found on the faces of dead and dying bats.
For a species, past longevity is no guarantee of future longevity. Marine creatures called ammonites lived for hundreds of millions of years before they suddenly disappeared.
Regarding human prospects:. For instance, some scientists suggest we could restructure the atmosphere by dispersing sulfates to reflect sunlight into space. Or we could take up residence on other planets.
Unlock the full book summary of The Sixth Extinction by signing up for Shortform. The cause was a sudden cooling of the climate carbon dioxide levels and temperatures dropped and things froze—glaciation plus a huge drop in sea levels and an ocean chemistry change.
This extinction seems to have been triggered by a sudden warming of the climate. An American graduate student studying the golden frogs in western Panama went back to the U. She set up a new study area farther east, where she found some frogs; at first, they seemed healthy and then they, too, vanished. Something was causing the population to crash. Concerned biologists in the U. and Panama decided to try to save the species by capturing some and raising them indoors at a small facility named the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center EVACC.
Cuvier believed there had to be other extinct species. His radical assertion was that numerous species had died out over a widespread area, which he said proved that another world had previously existed and some kind of catastrophe had wiped it out, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download.
Meanwhile, Cuvier sought specimens from other naturalists around Europe. Byhe identified 23 species he believed to be extinct, including a pygmy hippo, an elk with massive antlers, a giant bear, and a giant amphibian. All were similar to present-day animals, but something different was found in Bavaria, which lent momentum to the idea of a lost world—a strange flying reptile, which Cuvier called a ptero-dactyle.
This is the best summary of The Sixth Extinction I've ever read. I learned all the main points in just 20 minutes. Auks probably once numbered in the millions. When the first settlers arrived in Iceland from Scandinavia, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download, they regularly killed auks for food.
In addition, auks were used as fish bait, burned as fuel, and plucked for mattresses. On islands where they gathered, they were herded into stone pens or onto ships to be killed. By the late s, as a result of mass slaughter, the great auk population was in steep decline. While environmental causes like a volcano on one of the breeding islands contributed to the decline, egg collectors delivered the final blow.
The last known pair of auks, incubating an egg, was killed so the egg could be taken for collectors on the island of Eldey, off Iceland, in Darwin himself also received first-hand reports of the near extinction by humans of Charles Island tortoises on his Beagle voyage.
In On the Origin of Specieshe also referred to human-caused extermination of animals. As far back as the mids, scientists had noticed a large gap in fossil records of tens of millions of years between plants and animals found in rocks from the the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download Cretaceous period and the start of the next period, the Tertiary. The same was true for sea creatures called ammonites, which created spiral shells. Some even argued It turns out that the Big Five extinctions had various causes, and climate change was a major player in at least two.
It was precipitated by some sort of spontaneous climate change, in this case, a cooling rather than an asteroid strike. The Ordovician followed the Cambrian period, during which new life forms grew exponentially—for example, marine animal types tripled and the first plants started to appear on land.
However, catastrophic change at the end of the Ordovician occurred as a the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download of: 1 sudden cooling of the The sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download several hundred years, vents in the sea floor along the island have been spewing carbon dioxide. Streams of gas erupt from the seafloor and dissolve in the water. Scientists have been studying the effects along a natural pH gradient. The researchers divided the area into zones to count and track the species—for instance, mussels, barnacles, limpets, fish, sea urchins, and seaweeds—at different pH Coral are highly sensitive to ocean acidification.
Acidification lowers carbonate ion concentrations. Research in Biosphere 2, a closed glass structure containing different habitats in Arizona, showed that coral grow fastest at a saturation state of five, and grow more slowly at four and three. They stop calcifying at level two. Currently, the saturation state virtually everywhere is four or less. Once a year, corals engage in mass spawning, in which the polyps release eggs and sperm together in bundles that break open after release.
Ideally, eggs and sperm connect and produce larvae. However, acidification and lower saturation states reduce fertilization. They also hinder larval development and establishment to begin new colonies. Other research has confirmed that diversity plummets as acidification increases and causes the saturation state to drop We're the most efficient way to learn the most useful ideas from a book.
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Other summaries give you just a highlight of some of the ideas in a book. We find these too vague to be satisfying. At Shortform, we want to cover every point worth knowing in the book. Learn nuances, key examples, and critical details on the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download to apply the ideas, the sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download.
You want different levels of detail at different times. That's why every book is summarized in three lengths:. Species in Manu National Park in the Andes are already responding to climate change. Researchers calculated that global warming is pushing the average genus a group of closely related species eight feet higher per year.
The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert Book Summary - Review (AudioBook)
, time: 13:21The sixth extinction elizabeth kolbert pdf download
All Access to by elizabeth kolbert the sixth extinction an unnatural history 1st first edition hardcover PDF or Read by elizabeth kolbert the sixth extinction an unnatural history 1st first. Nov 15, - [Download] e_Book The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History () EPUB PDF #Mobi By Elizabeth Kolbert Mar 10, · Author: Elizabeth Kolbert. Publisher: Henry Holt and Company. Release Date: Genre: Nature. Pages: ISBN GET BOOK. The Sixth Extinction Book Description: ONE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW'S 10 BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR A major book about the future of the world, blending intellectual and natural history The Sixth Extinction: Chapter 7. LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Sixth Extinction, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. At the southernmost tip of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, there’s a place called One Tree Island (which actually has many trees)
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